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  [|Dictionary Definiton] **Protein** (prō'tēn', -tē-ĭn ) //n. //Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. They are essential in the diet of animals for the growth and repair of tissue and can be obtained from foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes. ** What does this mean? ** Protein is a group of chains of amino acids that are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. It is a form of energy that is necessary for the body to function properly.

Proteins are required for the functioning of cells in the body. They are important to functions such as metabolism, cell signaling, the immune system, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are broken down into amino acids during the digestion process. Then, the amino acids transfer to the parts of the body that they are needed. They are used to help build hair, skin, nails, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. The primary functions of protein include building and repairing tissues, regulating body processes, and forming enzymes and hormones. Proteins help form antibodies that help fight off infection. Proteins also can temporarily boost metabolism and suppress appetite, as well as help with muscle contraction, muscle recovery, blood clotting, and oxygen transportation.  
 * How is Protein important for bodily functions?**
 * What are the effects of Protein deficiency?**

Hair is brittle or fine and silky muscle aches and pains / atrophy tired / loss of energy delayed wound healing heart abnormalities loss of dental muscle / gums, periodontal diseases cold kwashiorkor **What is a fat?** A fats is a component in food thats part of an everyday diet. It may sound like something that your not supposed to have but it's part of a healthy diet. They provide four key things in life: There are four deffernt kinds of fat: monounsaturated,polyunsaturated,saturated, and trans.
 * How can you avoid a deficiency of Protein? **
 * Hair is brittle or fine and silky
 * muscle aches and pains / atrophy
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">tired / loss of energy
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">delayed wound healing
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">heart abnormalities
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">loss of dental muscle / gums, periodontal diseases
 * <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">cold
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">kwashiorkor
 * How can you avoid a deficiency of Protein **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">long lasting energy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">help you feel full after eating
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">regulate your body tempature
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">and provide two essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) that your body cannot make by itself


 * __Monounsaturated:__** "healthy fat" that lowers LDL (low density lipoprotein) which is bad for you, and raises HDL (high density lipoprotein) which is good for you.
 * Examples:**
 * avocadoes
 * hazelnuts
 * peanut butter

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">*Tuna
 * __Polyunsaturated__**- also "healthy fat" contains essential fatty acids (lionlenic and linoleic) used to make chemicals to control blood pressure, and clotting
 * Examples:**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Pumpkin seeds
 * Soybeans

Examples:
 * __Saturated__**- "animal fat"- increase LDL cholestrol
 * eggs
 * red meat
 * whole milk
 * butter

Examples:
 * __Trans Fat__**- formed when liquid oils are made into solid fats, artifically produced. raises LDL and lowers HDL.
 * cookies
 * donuts
 * fast food
 * fried foods


 * Amount of calories per gram: 9 calories**


 * Based on a 2,000 calorie diet, a person should only consume about 65 grams a day.**


 * __Effects of deficiency:__** kidney failure.


 * __Effects of excess:__**

__**Extra Info:**__


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">About 30 percent of the energy we eat in the form of food and fluids should come from fat.


 * FAT SRUCTURE**

media type="custom" key="3554194"


 * = <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(1, 52, 254); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Iron** ||= <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(1, 52, 254); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Potassium**

|| <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(1, 52, 254); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Calcium** || <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(1, 52, 254); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Zinc** || <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(1, 52, 254); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Copper** || Iron ||||~  ||
 * = Beef ||= Bananas || Milk || Beef || Seafood ||
 * = Tuna ||= Broccoli || Cheese || Pork || Nuts ||
 * = Salmon ||= Tomatoes || Yogurt || Lamb || Seeds ||
 * = Eggs ||= Dried Fruit || Broccoli || Beans || ||
 * = Beans ||= Beans || || || ||
 * = Dried Fruits ||= [[image:heme.gif width="146" height="146"]]

Based on a 2000 calorie diet, a person should consume 1 g Calcium, .018 g Iron, .015 g Zinc, .4 g Magnesium, and .002 g Copper. There are different ones and are different because what they provide for you and what happens if you have too much or too little. Some can be better than others, but it is the amount that a person consumes. bones and for muscle and nerve function || regulates body fluid volume, concentration and acid-base balance || regulates blood glucose, works with insulin to help body use blood sugar || nerve function, bon maintenace, growth, blood formation, utilization of glucose || and bonde health, greatly improves resistance to cavities || essential constituent of blood and muscle and important for the transport of oxygen || found mainly inside muscles, soft tissues, and bone, functions enzyme processes || essential for nerve function, muscle contraction, and maintenance of normal blood pressure ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">Importance to Bodily Functions ||
 * Calcium || Chloride || Chromium || Copper ||
 * strong teeth and
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">Importance to Bodily Functions con't ||
 * Flouride || Iron || Magnesium || Potassium ||
 * important to dental

faulty kidney function high blood levels of calcium || upset stomach, constipation, diarrhea, dark stools || Diarrhea, nausea appetite loss, muscle weakness, trouble breathing || at high levels, can join with calcium and from blood deposits in soft tissue || too much and too little can cause problems || decreased absorption of iron and copper, reduced immune function ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;"> Effects of Takin Too Much ||
 * Calcium || Iron || Magnesium || Phosphorous || Potassium || Zinc ||
 * Kidneys stones,




 * = <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(4, 26, 241); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Vitamin A** ||= <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(4, 26, 241); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Vitamin B** ||= <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(4, 26, 241); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Vitamin C** ||= <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(4, 26, 241); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Vitamin E** ||= <span style="display: block; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(4, 26, 241); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">**Vitamin K** ||
 * = Liver ||= Whole grains ||= Oranges ||= Whole grains ||= Milk ||
 * = Cantoloupe ||= Eggs ||= Cantoloupe ||= Egg Yolks ||= Yogurt ||
 * = Carrots ||= Fish ||= Strawberries ||= Nuts ||= Broccoli ||
 * = Sweet Potatoes ||= Seafood ||= Tomatoes ||= Seeds ||= Soybean Oil ||
 * = Spinach ||= Dairy Products ||= Broccoli ||= ||= ||
 * = [[image:images.jpg width="73" height="72"]] ||= Beans ||= Kiwi ||=  ||= [[image:f-oranges.jpg width="64" height="64"]] ||
 * =  ||= [[image:seafood.jpg width="64" height="64"]] ||= [[image:broccoli.jpg width="64" height="64"]] ||=   ||

blindess and dry skin || causes numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, and shoot pains in the extremeties || developness of vision, ucler in the mouth, and cracked lips || weakness, burning sensation on the tongue, sores in the mouth, rough skin || depression, dizziness, nausea, sores in the mouth || tingling in the extremeties, shortness of breath || bleeding, swollen or infected gums, bleeding in the skin causing bruising || bowed legs or a deformed spine || there are no known effects for vitamin deficiency ||
 * With Vitamins, certain ones can take on different chemical forms. For example, Vitamin D can be either Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). The natural form for humans and animals is Vitamin D3 that is produced in our bodies from cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Vitamin D2 is derived from the yeast sterolergosterol by chemical procedures.
 * A common misconception about Vitamin C is that the largest quantities are found in fruits, however the largest amounts are found in fresh vegetables.
 * Based on a 2000 calorie diet, a person should take .060 g Vit. C, .002 g Vit. B6, and .000006 g Vit. B12.
 * There is no evidence to show that 'natural' vitamins are better than synthetic ones.
 * Vitamin A cannot control or prevent acne except in high dosages that could result in very toxic side effects.
 * Vitamins do not provide energy, they break food down for energy.
 * There are many types and are all different in their own ways. Some are better than others, but it just depends on the amount that you consume them.
 * VITAMIN DEFICIENCY ||
 * Vitamin A || Thiamine (B-1) || Riboflavin (B-2) || Nicotinic Acid (B-3) || Pyridoxine (B6) ||
 * can cause night
 * ~ VITAMIN DEFICIENCY con't ||~  ||~   ||~   ||
 * Cyanocobaliamine (B12) || Absorbic Acid (C) || Calciferol (D) || Vitamin E ||
 * feelings of weakness, numbness,

clear skin, healthy bone, hair & teeth ||= calcium and phosphorous metabolism for strong bones & teeth ||= prevent oxidation of proteins, fat, vitamin A, and protects red blood cells ||= helps blood to clot properly ||= builds the immune system, destroys and minimizes the effect of free radicals ||= functions the nervous system, appetite, and energy ||= for the skin, nervous system, and mental performance ||= helps metabolize protein and fat and is needed for red blood cells and hemoglobin synthesis ||= for the blood, prevents pernicous anemia, is imortant for a healthy nervous system || drink high levels of alcohol, or have liver problems || this is also made in your body after you have been in the sunlight || If you take blood thinners, consult your doctor before taking Vit. E pills || If you take blood thinners, consult your doctor before taking Vit. K pills || use carbohydrates for energy || helps body proceess protein || Effects from too much- redness of the skin, or an upset stomach || effects from too much-nerve damage to arms and legs || maintains healthy nerve cells and red blood cells || Effects of too much- upset stomach, kidney stone ||
 * **<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(232, 78, 44); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">IMPORTANCE TO BODILY FUNCTION ** ||
 * = Vitamin A ||= Vitamin D ||= Vitamin E ||= Vitamin K ||= Vitamin C ||= Vitamin B-1 ||= Vitamin B-3 ||= Vitamin B-6 ||= Vitamin B-12 ||
 * = vision, eyes,
 * <span style="display: block; font-size: 140%; color: rgb(205, 10, 10); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: center;">Fat Soluble Vitamins-stored in liver and fatty tissues ||
 * Vitamin A (retinol, retinal) || Vitamin D (Calciferol) || Vitamin E (tocopherol) || Vitamin K ||
 * There may be a greater risk if
 * Water-Soluble Vitamins ||
 * Vitamin B-1 (Thiamin) || Vitamin B-2 (riboflavin) || Vitamin B-3 (niacin) || Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) || Vitamin B-12 (cyanocobalamin) || Vitamin C ||
 * helps the body

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 * <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(108, 217, 74); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">MORE INFORMATION



<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">media type="youtube" key="eTsPzH2NY40" height="525" width="660" The three main types of carbohydrate are: **Starch is a Complex Carbohydrate** Because the molecular structure of complex carbohydrates is more complicated, than more simple carbohydrate sugars, like sucrose and glucose, the body cannot metabolize complex carbs into energy as quickly as simple carbs. Result? Complex carbs are not digested and turned into energy as fast as sugars (except for fructose) and therefore keep us full for longer. Sugars are Simple Carbohydrates All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar ("saccharride"). Carbohydrates containing only one unit of sugar (called "monosaccharides") or two sugar units of sugar (called "disaccharides") are known as "simple sugars" or "simple carbohydrates."
 * __Carbohydrates the good and the bad__**
 * **//__starch (also known as complex carbohydrates)__//**
 * **//__sugar__//**
 * **//__fiber__//**


 * __Table of Composition of Carbohydrate Sugars__**


 * **__Type of Carbohydrate__** || **__Molecular Contents__** ||
 * __Monosaccharides__ || ||
 * Glucose (basic sugar unit) || 1 molecule of glucose ||
 * Fructose (fruit sugar) || 1 molecule of fructose ||
 * Galactose (derived from lactose) || 1 molecule of galactose ||
 * __Disaccharides__ || ||
 * Sucrose (table sugar) || 1 molecule of glucose + 1 molecule of fructose ||
 * Maltose (malt sugar) || 2 molecules of glucose ||
 * Lactose (milk sugar) || 1 molecule of galactose + 1 molecule of glucose ||
 * [[image:glucose.gif align="center" caption="glucose"]] || [[image:fructose.gif align="center" caption="Fructoce"]]

||


 * [[image:sucrose.gif caption="sucrose"]] ||

= Fiber is a Complex Carbohydrate = Dietary fiber, sometimes called roughage, is a group of very complex carbohydrates - found mostly in plants - whose chemical structure prevents them from being digested by humans. Although some metabolism of fiber (by certain bacteria) occurs in the intestines, we lack the digestive enzymes needed to break down the bonds that hold together fiber's sugar units. Therefore, fiber cannot be converted to glucose and contributes no calories to our diet. Most dietary fiber passes through the intestinal tract undigested.There are two basic [|types of dietary fiber]: soluble and insoluble fiber. The [|best sources of fiber] include beans, wholegrain cereals, fruits, vegetables and nuts. Examples of fiber include: Cellulose, Lignin, Hemicellulose, Pectin, Beta-glucans and Arabinose. Although insoluble fiber and its health benefits have been known for some time, the benefits of soluble fiber have only recently appeared. All types of carbs are needed for the body to function properly!!!!

//**<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';">Carbohydrates **//<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';"> contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio of 1C:2H:1O. The building blocks or monomers that make up more complex carbohydrate polymers are called monosaccharides and have a ring structure with five or six sides. Examples of monosaccharides are [|glucose] and [|fructose]. Two monosaccharides can be combined to produce disaccharides such as [|sucrose] (table sugar) and [|maltose]. The large complex carbohydrate polymers that are produced include [|starch], [|glycogen], and [|cellulose]. Carbohydrates contain 4 Cal per gram. Carbohydrates, in the form of grains and root vegetables, are the main source of energy for most people in the world. There is no absolute requirement for dietary carbohydrates, although the brain, red blood cells, lungs, nerves, and some cells in the kidneys use glucose as a preferred source of energy.
 * //__Carbohydrates__//**

When a person is on a carbohydrate-free diet, protein is used as energy source but the excessive breakdown of proteins to sugars can lead to excessive ketones being formed in the liver and in strict studies these people exhibited the same symptoms as those on a starvation regimen. Symptoms include abnormal fat metabolism, breakdown of body protein, increased sodium excretion, loss of energy and fatigue.Carbohydrate intolerance is the inability of the body to completely process the nutrient carbohydrate (a classification that includes sugars and starches) into a source of energy for the body, usually because of the deficiency of an enzyme needed for digestion.

Excess Carbohydrates cause, generalized vascular disease, high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease. It also causes the pancreas to produce large amounts of insulin and Increases chance of infection by damaging the immune system due to fat.

Based on a 2000 Cal a day diet you should consume 1200 carbs or 60%




 * __Other helpful Links__ **
 * [|An interactive lesson]
 * [|more information]
 * [|even more information (arent you lucky)]